Why does India's gold cost more than Pakistan's?
International spot price ek hi hai — dono countries ka rate wahin se start hota hai. Pakistan mein direct: spot × USD/PKR + Rs 4,000/tola local premium. India mein: spot × USD/INR + Rs 11,000/10g flat premium + 10% duty multiplier (approx 15% customs + 3% GST combined). Isliye India ka retail rate structurally Pakistan se higher rehta hai jab dono ko USD/gram mein compare karein.
Dono countries mein tola/10g conversion different hai — Pakistan tola-based (11.66g), India 10g-based. Comparison fair banane ke liye humne dono ko US$/gram mein normalize kiya hai upar.